Tag Archives: linux

Aix, HP-UX, Linux, Solaris

File System shows 100% occupied but du tells different and still has Unused Spaces.

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We have faced an issue as below mentioned – found /oracle mount-point showing 100% as Used. But getting different size values for folders under /oracle mount-point, when we executed du -gs .

bash-4.4# df -g
Filesystem GB blocks Free %Used Iused %Iused Mounted on
/dev/hd4 4.00 1.39 66% 20686 6% /
/dev/hd2 4.00 1.02 75% 45679 16% /usr
/dev/hd9var 2.00 1.01 50% 16318 7% /var
/dev/hd3 2.00 1.83 9% 407 1% /tmp
/dev/hd1 1.00 0.16 85% 6124 12% /home
/dev/hd11admin 0.25 0.25 1% 5 1% /admin
/proc – – – – – /proc
/dev/hd10opt 0.50 0.07 87% 12979 44% /opt
/dev/livedump 0.25 0.25 1% 4 1% /var/adm/ras/livedump
/dev/fslv00 198.00 0.01 100% 440205 16% /oracle

bash-4.4# cd /oracle/
bash-4.4# du -gs *
0.00 AutoDeployment
5.45 Oracle
0.03 Patch
7.54 data01
11.67 fmw_12.1.3.0.0_wls
0.01 jboss
0.20 jdk
0.00 lost+found
0.92 wls1221

You may notice 100 % utilization for /oracle mount-point on the “df -g” output , but with “du -gs ” We found the files did not occupy the entire space.

It may be because of open files in the file-system. These open files hold space on the file-system to complete there execution, once the write operation is completed. 

To overcome, from this issue, We need to follow below two steps:-

  1. We need to find all such processes still running but using deleted files, in result – /oracle mount-point is showing 100% as Used.

bash-4.4# fuser -dV /oracle/
/oracle/:
inode=670047 size=5242722 fd=389 5570776
inode=1165305 size=20278 fd=1 8061106
inode=1165313 size=182335565824 fd=1 8716486
inode=1165305 size=20278 fd=1 9044152
inode=1165313 size=182335565824 fd=1 9371672
inode=1165305 size=20278 fd=1 11141354
inode=669981 size=5514335 fd=1 13041898


2. We have to kill all such processes as found in above command.

bash-4.4# kill -9 5570776
bash-4.4# kill -9 8061106
bash-4.4# kill -9 8716486
bash-4.4# kill -9 9044152
bash-4.4# kill -9 9371672
bash-4.4# kill -9 11141354
bash-4.4# kill -9 13041898

bash-4.4# fuser -dV /oracle/
/oracle/:

bash-4.4# df -g
Filesystem GB blocks Free %Used Iused %Iused Mounted on
/dev/hd4 4.00 1.39 66% 20686 6% /
/dev/hd2 4.00 1.02 75% 45679 16% /usr
/dev/hd9var 2.00 1.01 50% 16318 7% /var
/dev/hd3 2.00 1.83 9% 407 1% /tmp
/dev/hd1 1.00 0.16 85% 6124 12% /home
/dev/hd11admin 0.25 0.25 1% 5 1% /admin
/proc – – – – – /proc
/dev/hd10opt 0.50 0.07 87% 12979 44% /opt
/dev/livedump 0.25 0.25 1% 4 1% /var/adm/ras/livedump
/dev/fslv00 198.00 170.01 15% 440205 1% /oracle
bash-4.4# cd /oracle/
bash-4.4# du -gs *
0.00 AutoDeployment
5.45 Oracle
0.03 Patch
7.54 data01
11.67 fmw_12.1.3.0.0_wls
0.01 jboss
0.20 jdk
0.00 lost+found
0.92 wls1221

Aix, AWS, Cloud, General, HP-UX, Linux, Security, Shell Script, Solaris

How to Find Server Public IP Address in Linux Terminal

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root@test:/var/log/nginx# wget -qO – icanhazip.com
www.xxx.yyy.zzz
root@test:/var/log/nginx# wget -qO- http://ipecho.net/plain | xargs echo
www.xxx.yyy.zzz
root@test:/var/log/nginx# wget -qO – icanhazip.com
www.xxx.yyy.zzz
root@test:/var/log/nginx# curl icanhazip.com
www.xxx.yyy.zzz
root@test:/var/log/nginx#

Linux

Usefull Linux Commands for SAN LUN allocation in RHEL

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ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-31
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-20
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-10
cat /sys/class/fc_transport/*/node_name
grep 50060160bee045be /sys/class/fc_transport/*/node_name
lsscsi
./inq.LinuxAMD64 -clariion
multipath -ll
df -h
cat /etc/fstsb
cat /etc/fstab
multipath -ll | grep mpathg
ls -ltr /data*
ls -ls /data*
ls -ld /data*
df -h
mount/dev/mapper/mpathg /data10
mount /dev/mapper/mpathg /data10
df -h
cd /data10
ls -ltr
du -hs regcss
rm -rf regcss
df -h
ls -ltr
vi /etc/fstab
cat /etc/fstsb
cat /etc/fstab
cd
mount /data10
umount /data10
mount /data10
df -h
multipath -ll | grep mpathk
multipath -ll | grep mpathl
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
echo “0 5 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
echo “0 4 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-31
cat /sys/class/fc_transport/*/node_name
echo “0 5 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
cd /proc/scsi
ls
cd scsi
cd sg
ls
cd device
cd devices
cat devices
grep 0x50060160bee045be  /sys/class/fc_transport/*/node_name
echo “0 0 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
echo “0 1 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
echo “0 3 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
echo “0 3 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
echo “0 1 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
grep 0x5006016b08605821  /sys/class/fc_transport/*/node_name
cat /sys/class/fc_transport/*/node_name
grep 0x5006016088605821  /sys/class/fc_transport/*/node_name
echo “0 2 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
echo “0 4 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
echo “0 2 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
grep 0x50060160bea0597f  /sys/class/fc_transport/*/node_name
echo “0 3 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
echo “0 5 33” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-33
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-34
echo “0 5 34” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-34
echo “0 2 34” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
echo “0 2 34” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
echo “0 4 34” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
echo “0 4 34” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
ls -l /dev/disk/by-* | grep lun-34
cd
mkdir /data11
mkdir /data12
multipath ll
multipath -ll
df -h | grep mpathp
history | grep ext4
mkfs.ext4 -L DATA11 -m 0 -b 2048 /dev/mapper/mpathp
df -h | grep mpathq
mkfs.ext4 -L DATA12 -m 0 -b 2048 /dev/mapper/mpathq
df -h
mkdir /data11
mkdir /data12
mount /dev/mapper/mpathp /data11
mount /dev/mapper/mpathp /data12
umount /data12
umount /data11
mount /dev/mapper/mpathp /data11
mount /dev/mapper/mpathq /data12
df -h
umount /data12
vi /etc/fstsb
vi /etc/fstab
df -h
umount /data11
mount all
mount -all
df -h
cat /etc/fstab
df -h
ls -ld /data*
chown -R orarh11g:dba /data11 /data12
ls -ld /data*
df -h
rm -rf /data12
cat /proc/scsi/scsi | egrep -i ‘Host:’ | wc -l
ls /sys/class/fc_host
df -h
cat /etc/fstsb
cat /etc/fstab
vi /etc/fstab
df -h
mount all
mount -all
mkdir /data12
mount -all
df -h
chown -R orarh11g:dba  /data12
df -h
cat /sys/class/scsi_host/host*/device/fc_host/host*/node_name
for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5; do cat host$i/device/fc_host/host$i/port_name;  done
for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do cat host$i/device/fc_host/host$i/port_name;  done
cd  /sys/class/scsi_host/
for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10; do cat host$i/device/fc_host/host$i/port_name;  done
ls /sys/class/fc_host
fdisk -l |egrep ‘^Disk’ |egrep -v ‘dm-‘
multipath -ll
lspci | grep Fibre
lspci -v -s 05:00.0
ls -l /sys/class/scsi_host
ind /sys/class/pci_bus/0000\:05/device/0000\:05\:00.0/host*/rport-*/target*/*/state | awk -F’/’ ‘{print $11}’ | sort
find /sys/class/pci_bus/0000\:05/device/0000\:05\:00.0/host*/rport-*/target*/*/state | awk -F’/’ ‘{print $11}’ | sort
find /sys/class/pci_bus/0000\:05/device/0000\:05\:00.1/host*/rport-*/target*/*/state | awk -F’/’ ‘{print $11}’ | sort
cat /proc/scsi/scsi | grep scsi2
cat /proc/scsi/scsi | grep scsi1
find   /sys/class/pci_bus/0000\:05/device/0000\:05\:00.0/host*/rport-*/target*/*/block/*/stat | awk -F’/’ ‘{print $11,$13}’
find   /sys/class/pci_bus/0000\:05/device/0000\:05\:00.1/host*/rport-*/target*/*/block/*/stat | awk -F’/’ ‘{print $11,$13}’
udevadm info –query=path –name /dev/sdad
df -h
udevadm info –query=path –name /dev/mapper/mpathq
udevadm info –query=path –name /devices/virtual/block/dm-13
for port in /sys/class/fc_host/host[0-9]/port_name; { echo -n “$port : “; cat $port; }
history
CAILDB-63 scsi_host]#

Linux

How to recover a deleted file in Linux ?

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A step-by-step guide for recovering files using debugfs

[root@unix-support-server ~]# mount

/dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)
/dev/sdb1 on /var/www type ext3 (rw)
/dev/sdd1 on /LUN93 type ext3 (rw)
/dev/sdc on /LUN92 type ext3 (rw)
/dev/sde1 on /LUN94 type ext3 (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)

Create a text file called data.txt, enter:
echo 'This is a test' > data.txt
Display the index number (inode) of data.txt, enter:
[root@unix-support-server LUN94]# ls -li data.txt

2113537 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15 Jun  9 18:19 data.txt

[root@unix-support-server LUN94]#
[root@unix-support-server LUN94]# debugfs -w /dev/sde1

debugfs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
debugfs:  logdump -i  <2113537>
Inode 2113537 is at group 129, block 4227074, offset 0
Journal starts at block 25167, transaction 344454
  FS block 4227074 logged at sequence 344484, journal block 31233 (flags 0x2)
    (inode block for inode 2113537):
    Inode: 2113537   Type: regular        Mode:  0644   Flags: 0x0
    Generation: 1054075619    Version: 0x00000000
    User:     0   Group:     0   Size: 15
    File ACL: 0    Directory ACL: 0
    Links: 1   Blockcount: 8
    Fragment:  Address: 0    Number: 0    Size: 0
    ctime: 0x575965d9 -- Thu Jun  9 18:19:29 2016
    atime: 0x575965d9 -- Thu Jun  9 18:19:29 2016
    mtime: 0x575965d9 -- Thu Jun  9 18:19:29 2016
    Blocks:  (0+1): 4247552
No magic number at block 31238: end of journal.

debugfs:  cat  <2113537>
This is a test
debugfs:
debugfs:  q

[root@unix-support-server LUN94]# rm data.txt
rm: remove regular file `data.txt’? y
[root@unix-support-server LUN94]# cat data.txt
cat: data.txt: No such file or directory
[root@unix-support-server LUN94]#
[root@unix-support-server LUN94]# dd if=/dev/sde1 of=data.txt bs=4096 count=1 skip=4247552

1+0 records in
1+0 records out
4096 bytes (4.1 kB) copied, 0.000536678 s, 7.6 MB/s

[root@unix-support-server LUN94]#
[root@unix-support-server LUN94]# cat data.txt

This is a test

[root@unix-support-server LUN94]#

Linux

Reclaim Space in a VM on Thin or Thick VMDKs

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Fedora/CentOs/RedHat
[root@rac1 ~]$ yum install zerofree
updates/metalink | 12 kB 00:00
updates | 4.5 kB 00:00
updates/primary_db | 4.3 MB 00:21
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
Running transaction check
Package zerofree.i686 0:1.0.1-8.fc15 will be installed
Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================
Installing:
zerofree i686 1.0.1-8.fc15 fedora 20 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 1 Package

Total download size: 20 k
Installed size: 20 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
zerofree-1.0.1-8.fc15.i686.rpm | 20 kB 00:00
Running Transaction Check
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : zerofree-1.0.1-8.fc15.i686 1/1

Installed:
zerofree.i686 0:1.0.1-8.fc15

Complete!
For Debian/Ubuntu:
[root@rac1 ~]$ apt-get install zerofree
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
zerofree
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 17 not upgraded.
Need to get 7,272 B of archives.
After this operation, 61.4 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://ubuntu.cs.utah.edu/ubuntu/ oneiric/universe zerofree amd64 1.0.1-2ubuntu1 [7,272 B]
Fetched 7,272 B in 0s (41.5 kB/s)
Selecting previously deselected package zerofree.
(Reading database ... 22748 files and directories currently installed.)
Unpacking zerofree (from .../zerofree_1.0.1-2ubuntu1_amd64.deb) ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
Setting up zerofree (1.0.1-2ubuntu1) ...

Then you need to mount the partition as read-only and run zerofree on it. If you need perform this on your OS/root partition, then power off your VM and attach the OS disk to another Linux VM. Here is how it looks like:

[root@rac1 ~]$ mount -o remount,ro /dev/mapper/test-lvol0
[root@rac1 ~]$ zerofree -v /dev/mapper/test-lvol0
1106/485301/512000
Linux

How to Add Linux route ?

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You can use any one of the following tool to add, display, delete Linux kernel routing table:

(a) route command : show / manipulate the IP routing table on Linux.

(b) ip command : show / manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels on Linux.

Display your current routing table

Open the Terminal or login to server using ssh/console. Type the  following command to display routing table:

# route
 OR
# route -n

route

 # ip route show
 OR
 # ip route list

Linux add a default route using route  command

Route all traffic via 192.168.1.254 gateway connected via eth0 network interface:

 # route add default gw 192.168.1.254 eth0

Linux add a default gateway (route) using ip command

Route all traffic via 192.168.1.254 gateway connected via eth0 network interface:

 # ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0

Verify newly added route ip in the Linux kernel routing table

To verify new routing table, enter:
 # ip route list
 OR
 # route -n

How do I make routing changes persistent across reboots?

To make route entry persistent in the Linux kernel routing table, you need to modify config file as per your Linux distributions.

RHEL/CentOS/Fedora/Scientific Linux persistent routing configuration

Edit /etc/sysconfig/network and set default gateway IP address:
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network
Sample outputs:

GATEWAY=192.168.1.254

You can add additional static route for eth0 by editing /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0 file as follows:

10.0.0.0/8 via 10.10.29.65

The above config sets static routing for network 10.0.0.0/8 via 10.9.38.65 router.

Debian / Ubuntu Linux persistence static routing configuration

Edit /etc/network/interfaces file, enter:
# vi /etc/network/interfaces
Append the following in eth0 section:

up route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.254
down route del -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.1.254

Save and close the file.

Generic method to add persistent static routing on Linux

The following method works with almost all Linux distributions.

Edit /etc/rc.d/rc.local or /etc/rc.local, enter
# vi /etc/rc.local
Append the following line:

/sbin/ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0

Save and close the file.

Aix, HP-UX, Linux, Oracle, SAN, Solaris

How to Rescan new LUN’s added in Linux, HP-UX, Aix, Solaris ?

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HP-UX

1. Rescan the devices:

ioscan -fnC <disk|tape>

2. Generate device files:

 insf -e

3. Verify the new devices:

 ioscan -funC <disk|tape>

AIX

1. Rescan the devices ):

 cfgmgr -vl fcsx

Where x is FC adapter number

2. Verify the new devices:

 lsdev -Cc <disk|tape>

Linux

The rescan in Linux is HBA-specific.

For QLogic:

echo scsi-qlascan > /proc/scsi/qla<model#>/<adapter instance>

For Emulex:

 sh force_lpfc_scan.sh lpfc<adapter-instance>

For each identified device, run the following:

echo scsi add-single-device <host> <channel> <ID> <lun> >   /proc/scsi/scsi

Solaris

1. Determine the FC channels:

 cfgadm -al

2. Force rescan :

 cfgadm -o force_update -c configure cx

Where x is the FC channel number

3. Force rescan at HBA port level:

 luxadm -e forcelip /dev/fc/fpx

4. Force rescan on all FC devices:

 cfgadm -al -o show_FCP_dev

5. Install device files:

 devfsadm

6. Display all Qlogic HBA ports

 luxadm -e port

7. Display HBA port information

 luxadm -v display <WWPN>

8. Display HBA port information

 luxadm -e dump_map

Notes If one specific SANclient is missing a drive, please verify that your zoning is correct. Please also make sure the host initiator and VTL™s target ports are showing online via the Fibre Channel switch. (Check HBA link light and check the cable.)

 

Linux

Where are yum downloaded packages saved in linux?

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The packages will be saved in /var/cache/yum/<repo-name>/packages/

You have to edit the /etc/yum.conf
from : keepcache=0 to : keepcache=1

keepcache=0  { Remove packages after successful instillation }

keepcache=1  { Keep packages after successful instillation }

[root@sip3 base]# cat /etc/yum.conf
[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum
keepcache=1
debuglevel=2
logfile=/var/log/yum.log
distroverpkg=redhat-release
tolerant=1
exactarch=1
obsoletes=1
gpgcheck=1
plugins=1
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/yum5bug

# Note: yum-RHN-plugin doesn't honor this.
metadata_expire=1h

installonly_limit = 5

# PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
# in /etc/yum.repos.d
[rootsip3 base]#
Aix, General, HP-UX, Linux, Shell Script, Solaris

How to configure Proxy Settings for the Unix / Linux Console

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You can use the following methods to configure your console to use a proxy server so that console based programs like wget could get connect to the internet through the proxy.

1 – Set the environment variable
# export http_proxy=http://DOMAIN\USERNAME:PASSWORD@SERVER:PORT/
# export ftp_proxy=http://DOMAIN\USERNAME:PASSWORD@SERVER:PORT/

In the above configuration you can ommit the DOMAIN\USERNAME:PASSWORD@ part if you are not using proxy authentication.

Note: If you get the following error when you try to use wget, you might have to pass the proxy authentication credentials to wget as arguments.

Connecting to SERVER:PORT... connected.
Proxy request sent, awaiting response... 407 Proxy Authentication Required
11:14:45 ERROR 407: Proxy Authentication Required.
1.1 – Passing proxy authentication credentials to wget as arguments
$ wget --proxy-user "DOMAIN\USERNAME" --proxy-passwd "PASSWORD" URL
2 – Configure the proxy settings in the .bashrc
If you want set the proxy for all the users you can do it in the system wide .bashrc file.

nano /etc/bash.bashrc#proxy settings
export http_proxy=http://DOMAIN\USERNAME:PASSWORD@SERVER:PORT/
export ftp_proxy=http://DOMAIN\USERNAME:PASSWORD@SERVER:PORT/

Note: The system wide .bashrc file may not be available in all Linux systems and only can be used if you are using the bash shell

2.1 – Having an alias for wget with proxy
If you don’t want to pass the proxy arguments to wget all the time, you create an alias for wget in the .bashrc file

alias wget 'wget --proxy-user "DOMAIN\USERNAME" --proxy-passwd "PASSWORD"'
Aix, General, HP-UX, Linux, Solaris, Tru64 UNIX

How to Unzip Multiple Files from Linux / Unix single Command Line

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bash-3.2# ls *.zip
118666-47.zip  120830-06.zip  138852-01.zip  142394-01.zip  147217-02.zip
118777-16.zip  120849-04.zip  139520-02.zip  142933-05.zip  148027-03.zip
119081-25.zip  124204-04.zip  142240-01.zip  143506-06.zip
119963-24.zip  126425-01.zip  142251-02.zip  146470-08.zip
bash-3.2#
bash-3.2#

Problem :

bash-3.2# unzip *.zip
Archive:  118666-47.zip
caution: filename not matched:  118777-16.zip
caution: filename not matched:  119081-25.zip
caution: filename not matched:  119963-24.zip
caution: filename not matched:  120830-06.zip
caution: filename not matched:  120849-04.zip
caution: filename not matched:  124204-04.zip
caution: filename not matched:  126425-01.zip
caution: filename not matched:  138852-01.zip
caution: filename not matched:  139520-02.zip
caution: filename not matched:  142240-01.zip
caution: filename not matched:  142251-02.zip
caution: filename not matched:  142394-01.zip
caution: filename not matched:  142933-05.zip
caution: filename not matched:  143506-06.zip
caution: filename not matched:  146470-08.zip
caution: filename not matched:  147217-02.zip
caution: filename not matched:  148027-03.zip
bash-3.2#
bash-3.2#
bash-3.2#

Solution :

Use single quotes [ ‘  ‘ ]
bash-3.2# unzip ‘*.zip’
Archive:  146470-08.zip
inflating: 146470-08/LEGAL_LICENSE.TXT
inflating: 146470-08/prepatch
inflating: 146470-08/SUNWcsu/reloc/usr/share/lib/zoneinfo/EST
inflating: 146470-08/SUNWcsu/reloc/usr/share/lib/zoneinfo/tab/zone_sun.tab
inflating: 146470-08/SUNWcsu/reloc/usr/share/lib/zoneinfo/tab/country.tab
inflating: 146470-08/SUNWcsu/reloc/usr/share/lib/zoneinfo/Australia/Broken_Hill
inflating: 146470-08/SUNWcsu/reloc/usr/share/lib/zoneinfo/Australia/Eucla
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inflating: 146470-08/SUNWcsu/reloc/usr/share/lib/zoneinfo/Australia/Currie